生物有机肥配施硅钙钾镁肥对西瓜产量、品质及土壤养分的影响

为科学减少化肥用量,改善土壤结构和环境,研究生物有机肥和硅钙钾镁肥对作物生长和改善土壤养分方面的作用,以‘L600’小果型西瓜为研究对象,设置生物有机肥配施硅钙钾镁肥并减少底肥化肥用量等4个处理,以常规施肥作为对照,研究上述肥料对西瓜产量、品质及土壤养分的影响。结果表明：生物有机肥配施硅钙钾镁肥与常规施肥相比,产量提高8.05%,心糖含量提高13.08%,边糖含量提高5.77%,维生素C含量提高18.57% ,总酸含量降低31.25%、硝酸盐含量下降18.22%。两种肥料对改善土壤环境具有积极作用,土壤pH、有效磷、速效钾含量对比常规施肥明显升高。在此条件下减少底肥化肥施用,能够保证西瓜产量和品质,是一种有效的减量施肥方法。     

基于USLE模型的重庆仙鱼小流域土壤流失减少比例评价

以仙鱼小流域为例,通过对各项措施图斑的平均坡度、坡长、保土措施、植被覆盖度、土地利用方式等调查,采用USLE方程的各参数因子,计算土壤流失减少比例.仙鱼小流域通过治理后,水土流失减少比例为28.19%,水土流失防治达到目标要求;通过对不同措施图斑水土流失减少比例分析,水土流失减少比例随着坡度或坡长的增加而增加,以25°坡度、70 m坡长作为变化的分界点,当坡度在25°以下或坡长小于70 m时土壤流失减少比例变化趋势较缓,当坡度在25°以上或坡长大于70 m时土壤流失减少比例增长趋势较快;各项水土保持措施中,以石坎坡改梯防治水土流失的效果最好,坡面水系工程措施可有效提高坡耕地抵御季节性干旱的能力.该研究结果可为今后开展小流域综合治理提供实践经验.     

SMM在实验性肾功能损害家兔体内的药物动力学研究

分析了SMM在健康家兔及肾损害兔体内的药物动力学过程。12只家兔分为A、B两组。A组为健康对照组,B组为肾功能损害病理模型组。A、B两组家兔均以140 mg/kg(SMM)剂量耳静脉注射SMM-Na,给药前心脏采血0.5 mL,作为空白对照。分别于给药后0.08、0.25、0.5、1、2、3、4、6 h各采血0.5 mL。以Annino法分析游离SMM血药浓度。结果显示,SMM在家兔体内药物动力学配置符合二室开放模型。药时曲线最佳方程为:C正常=13.910e-6.830t 32.569e-1.076t,C肾损害=15.748e-4.542t 27.473e-0.323t。肾损害时药动学参数与健康时的比较,α下降了33.49%;β下降了69.98%;t1/2α增加了41.03%;t1/2β增加了237.5%;AUC增加了33.49%;CLB下降了69.98%。表明家兔肾功能损害后,SMM在其体内消除显著变慢。提示在肾脏损害时应相应增大SMM给药间隔时间或减小给药剂量。     

还原型谷胱甘肽对罗非鱼生长和抗氧化性能的影响

将体长、体质量相近的奥尼罗非鱼Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus 360尾,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾.在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的日粮中分别添加0、100、200、400 mg/kg剂量的还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH),试验期 60 d,检测了与生长性能、血清中类胰岛素样生长因子-I(IGF-I)水平及肌肉组织抗氧化能力相关的各项指标.结果表明:1)在试验期间,添加GSH的Ⅱ组和Ⅳ组的相对体质量生长率(RSGR)显著高于对照组Ⅰ组(P《0.05),而且第20 d时,Ⅱ组和Ⅳ组鱼体的平均体质量显著高于Ⅰ组(P《0.05);2)第40 d和第60 d,Ⅳ组鱼体的血中IGF-I水平均显著高于Ⅰ组(P《0.05);3)第20 d,各处理组鱼体肌肉组织的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于Ⅰ组(P《0.05).第40 d,Ⅳ组的T-AOC和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力均显著高于Ⅰ组(P 《0.05).第60 d,Ⅱ组的 T-AOC 和T-SOD活力显著高于Ⅰ组(P 《0.05).以上结果显示,在饲粮中添加适宜剂量的GSH能改善鱼体肌肉组织的抗氧化能力,并使IGF-I水平在正常生理范围内有所升高,从而对鱼体的生长起促进作用.     

Preliminary clinical pharmacological investigations of tylosin and tiamulin in chickens

Summary

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (M1C) of tiamulin and tylosin for mycoplasma. Gram‐positive, and Gram‐negative micro‐organisms isolated from chickens were determinated by the agar dilution method. Median M1C values for tiamulin against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (0.05 μg/ml) and Mycoplasma synoviae (0.10 μg/ml) were 2 to 4 times lower than the corresponding values for tylosin. Tiamulin was also slightly more effective in vitro in inhibiting Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, and beta‐haemolytic streptococci than was tylosin. Groups of chicken were offered tiamulin medicated drinking water at rates of 125 and 250 mg/litre for 48 hours. Average serum tiamulin concentrations were 0.38 and 0.78 μg/ml, respectively. When tylosin tartrate was added to the drinking water at 500 and 700 mg/litre, average serum drug levels were 0.12 and 0.17 μg/ml, respectively.

Tiamulin was 45% bound in chicken serum, as against 30% serum protein binding or tylosin. Correlations were made between free (non protein bound) serum drug levels and the MIC values of the two drugs. Such comparisons suggest that when tiamulin is given in the drinking water at rates of 125 to 250 mg/litre, better antimycoplasmal activity is to be expected in vivo than by giving tylosin tartrate in the drinking water at 500 to 700 mg/litre. Based on these data, no clinical efficacy of these dose rates can be expected in flocks infected by gram‐negative microorganisms such as E. coli or P. multocida. The tylosin tartrate rate of 500 to 700 mg/litre, may be clinical ineffective the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections.     

Implementing Sustainable Forest Management Using Six Concepts in an Adaptive Management Framework

Certification and principles, criteria and indicators (PCI) describe desired ends for sustainable forest management (SFM) but do not address potential means to achieve those ends. As a result, forest owners and managers participating in certification and employing PCI as tools to achieving SFM may be doing so inefficiently: achieving results by trial-and-error rather than by targeted management practices; dispersing resources away from priority objectives; and passively monitoring outcomes rather than actively establishing quantitative goals. In this literature review, we propose six concepts to guide SFM implementation. These concepts include: Best Management Practices (BMPs)/Reduced Impact Logging (RIL), biodiversity conservation, forest protection, multi-scale planning, participatory forestry, and sustained forest production. We place these concepts within an iterative decision-making framework of planning, implementation, and assessment, and provide brief definitions of and practices delimited by each concept. A case study describing SFM in the neo-tropics illustrates a potential application of our six concepts. Overall our paper offers an approach that will help forest owners and managers implement the ambiguous SFM concept.     

Effect of P fertilizer reduction regime on soil Olsen-P, root Fe-plaque P, and rice P uptake in rice-wheat rotation paddy fields

In agricultural systems, it is vital to use limited yet optimal phosphorus(P) resources, because excessive P fertilizer application leads to the accumulation of P in soil, increasing the risk of environmental pollution and causing the waste and exhaustion of P resources. In a rice-wheat rotation system, omitting P fertilizer application in the rice-growing season is a good alternative;however, how this P fertilization reduction influences changes in P in the soil-root-aboveground system is unclear. In this study, after a seven-year rice-wheat rotation at the Yixing(YX) and Changshu(CS) sampling sites, China, compared with P fertilization in rice-and wheat-growing seasons(PR+W), reduced P fertilization(no P fertilizer application in either season, P0;P fertilization only in wheat-growing seasons, PW;and P fertilization only in rice-growing seasons, PR) did not result in substantial variation in crop biomass. The PW treatment did not reduce crop total P, root iron(Fe)-plaque P, and soil Olsen-P at three stages of rice growth(seedling, booting, and harvesting stages) at the YX and CS sites. In contrast, concentrations of soil Olsen-P, aboveground crop total P, and root Fe-plaque P decreased in the P0 treatment by 45.8%–81.0%,24.6%–30.9%, and 45.6%–73.4%, respectively. In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between the root Fe-plaque P and crop biomass at the two sites. Significant positive correlations were also observed between root Fe-plaque P and root total P, crop total P, and soil Olsen-P. In addition, the results of a redundancy analysis revealed that soil alkaline phosphatase(ALP) played a major role in the supply of P in soil, and was closely associated with root Fe-plaque P. The results of this study will enhance the understanding of the changes in P in the soil-root-aboveground system, particularly under P fertilizer reduction regimes.     

干湿交替对半干旱地区一些铅盐污染土壤中铅再分配的影响

Mobility and bioavailability of lead (Pb) could be affected considerably by soil physicochemical properties;however,less is known about the effect of Pb levels and aging time.This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Pb levels and wetting-drying (WD) cycles on distribution and bioavailability of Pb in three semi-arid zone soils treated with different levels of Pb(NO 3) 2.Wetting-drying cycles simulated the actual field irrigation in the semi-arid soils.A soil with a long history of Pb contamination was also taken as a reference soil.The soils were spiked with various levels of Pb and incubated under WD cycles for 160 d.Sequential extractions and batch sorption experiments were performed to assess the fractionation of Pb in the spiked soils.Redistribution index (U ts) and reduced partitioning parameter (I R) were applied to semi-quantify the distribution of Pb in the spiked soils.A small amount of Pb sorbed was desorbed by the soils,indicating a strong and irreversible binding of Pb in the studied soils.Contribution of carbonate-bound (Car) and residual (Res) Pb fractions to the total Pb of the soils was more than 97%.The Car,soluble plus exchangeable (SE),and organic matter-bound (OMB) fractions of Pb were transferred to the Res fraction under the WD cycles.The I R and U ts values were influenced by Pb loading levels and WD;therefore,the Pb lability and/or redistribution pattern could semi-quantitatively be assessed via these parameters.At the end of the experiment,the I R and U ts values for the Pb salt-spiked soils did not show the quasi-equilibrium state.The lability of Pb in the soils decreased with increasing incubation time and showed a strong dependence on Pb levels and soil chemical composition.WD cycles significantly affected the overall lability of Pb in soils through influencing the redistribution of Pb among solid-phase components.     

太湖地区稻田不同氮肥管理模式下氨挥发特征研究

以减少氨挥发带来的面源污染问题为目的,通过调整氮肥管理模式, 设置农户常规施肥处理、化肥减量施肥处理、缓控释肥处理、有机无机肥配施处理、按需施肥处理以及无氮处理6个管理模式试验,研究太湖地区施氮量与氮肥品种对氨挥发损失的影响。结果表明：氨挥发损失受施氮量的显著影响,施氮量减少22%~44%可降低氨挥发损失20.2%~35.3%。常规化肥处理下,基肥期与分蘖肥期氨挥发损失较为严重。同一施氮水平下,有机肥化肥配施可显著降低氨挥发;缓控释肥可明显减少基肥期氨挥发量,但后期效果不明显。氮肥用量由当前农户施氮水平减少22%时,不会对作物氮累积量与产量造成影响,可见适当降低施氮水平并搭配有机肥,是具产量可持续性及环境友好性的氮肥管理模式。     

The relationship between phosphorus and copper concentrations in wheat

Abstract

Poorly managed kaolinitic soils are often too low in P and K for optimum agronomic crop production. Even though many of these soils have relatively high phosphate fixing capacities, P applied at sufficient rates to increase soil P to acceptable levels may induce micronutrient deficiencies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of applied and residual P on Mn, Zn, and Cu uptake by field grown wheat (Triticum aestivum). Treatments were a one‐time application of P (0, 64, 128, 256, and 384 kg/ha P) and K (0, 110, 220, 440, and 660 kg/ha K) rates arranged in a 5×5 complete factorial. The treatments were applied in October, 1977 and the study was continued through June, 1979. Potassium and P × K interactions did not have a significant effect on Mn, Zn, or Cu uptake. Phosphorus did not affect Mn concentration in the wheat tissue but Zn and Cu concentrations generally decreased as applied and residual soil P levels increased. The tissue Zn concentration at the various plant growth stages did not decrease below defined critical levels. The Cu concentration decreased linearly with applied P and curvilinearly with residual P. The tissue Cu levels often decreased below suggested critical levels. Total Cu in the wheat tissue indicated that the decrease in Cu concentration as P levels increased was not a simple dilution effect resulting from increased plant growth as applied and residual soil P increased.